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CWAP-404 Vce Format, Latest CWAP-404 Exam Discount

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section
Objectives

Protocol Analysis - 15%

Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods
- Select capture devices

Laptop protocol analyzers
APs, controllers, and other management solutions
Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events

Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools
- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time

Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions
- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis

Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools

Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types
- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis - 10%

Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers
- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views

Real-time FFT
Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
Utilization and duty cycle
Detected devices
WLAN integration views

Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues
- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios

Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures
- Identify various 802.11 PHYs

DSSS
OFDM
OFDMA
Channel widths
Primary channel

- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

Frequency hopping devices
IoT devices
Microwave ovens
Video devices
RF Jammers
Cordless phones

Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions
- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%

Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)
- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)

HE SU PPDU
HE MU PPDU
HE ER SU PPDU
HE TB PPDU
HE NULL data packets

Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data

Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers
- Pseudo-Header formats

Radiotap
Per Packet Information (PPI)

- Key pseudo-header content

Guard intervals
Resource units allocation
PPDU formats
Signal strength
Noise
Data rate and MCS index
Length information
Channel center frequency or received channel
Channel properties

Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers

Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types
- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%

Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation
- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)

Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis
- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents

Frame Control field
To DS and From DS fields
Address fields
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

- 802.11 Management frame formats

Information Elements
Authentication
Association and Reassociation
Beacon
Prove Request and Probe Response

- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats

Acknowledgement (ACK)
Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
Block Acknowledgement and related frames
Trigger frames
VHT/HE NDP announcements
Multiuser RTS

Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis
- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs

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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q78-Q83):

NEW QUESTION # 78
Which statements are true regarding wireless network discovery and scanning processes for an HT network? (Choose 2)

A. Client stations send Probe Request frames on all HT channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in a consecutive manner until they associate with an access point. After associating to an access point, they no longer transmit Probe Request frames.
B. Access points send Beacon frames only on the HT channel in the 2.4 GHz ISM band for which the access point is configured, and only after scanning that channel to discover existing BSSs.
C. Client stations send Probe Request frames on all HT channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in a consecutive manner until they receive at least 3 Probe Response frames.
D. Client stations may continually send Probe Request frames on all HT channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in a consecutive manner, regardless of their association state.
E. Access points send Beacon frames on all HT channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in a consecutive manner including the channel for which the access point is configured.

Answer: B,D

NEW QUESTION # 79
Which statement is true regarding the Association Identifier (AID) used in IEEE 802.11 WLANs?

A. The client station is assigned an AID value in the 802.11 authentication response frame.
B. The AID has a maximum value of 2048, and is used to uniquely identify a wireless client station associated with an access point.
C. The AID has a maximum value of 2007, and resides in the duration/ID field of a PS-Poll frame.
D. The AID is used by the access point in EDCA mode to reduce duplicate transmissions when sending multicasts.
E. The AID field is present only in Beacons frames.

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 80
Which statements are true regarding frame acknowledgement in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN? (Choose 3)

A. A client station's Reassociation Request frames are only acknowledged with a Reassociation Response from the access point and not with an ACK frame.
B. The RA field of ACK frames is always obtained from the Address 2 field in the corresponding frame being acknowledged.
C. Data frame fragments are acknowledged individually (with an ACK frame).
D. Probe request acknowledgement (sending of a Probe Response frame) is configurable in the access point and is always linked to SSID broadcast configuration in Beacons.
E. Following non-QoS Data frames with the More Fragments bit set to 1, the Duration/ID field of the ACK frame is set to a value equal to two SIFS plus the next Data fragment and its ACK.
F. In an EDCA BSS, encrypted Data frames are only acknowledged by client stations, never by access points.

Answer: B,C,E

NEW QUESTION # 81
ABC Company's WLAN administrator is getting complaints from one user that his WLAN throughput is sluggish compared to other users in his area. The administrator takes his diagnostics laptop, which has a wireless protocol analyzer installed, to the area where the complaining user works. The administrator uses the PING utility to test connectivity from the complaining user's wireless client station to another wireless client station across the closest access point, while capturing the wireless frames.
The administrator sees what is displayed in this screenshot.

From this screenshot, which statements can you conclude to be TRUE that are related to the complaining user's throughput problem? (Choose 2)

A. The complaining user's WLAN client utilities are configured with a small fragmentation threshold.
B. The complaining user's station is retransmitting fragments many times likely due to nearby RF interference.
C. The access point and other stations are using ERP-OFDM modulation, and the complaining user's wireless client station is using HR/DSSS modulation.
D. The access point is not signaling for protection (Protection = no) in the Beacons, but it should be.
E. The complaining user's wireless client station should be using RTS/CTS as a protection mechanism, but it is not.

Answer: A,C

NEW QUESTION # 82
You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero. What do you conclude about the transmitting STA?

A. The STA is operating in Ad-Hoc mode
B. The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs
C. The WLAN adaptor is configured in promiscuous mode
D. The STA's WLAN adaptor is disabled

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs by sending a Probe Request with an empty SSID element.
This is also known as a broadcast Probe Request, as it does not specify any particular SSID to probe for. Any AP that receives this Probe Request will respond with a Probe Response containing its own SSID and other information about its BSS. This way, the STA can learn about all the BSSs in its vicinity and choose which one to associate with . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 191; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 193.

NEW QUESTION # 83
......

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